Bernoulli's equation and the venturimeter
Energy along a streamline as pressure head, velocity head and datum head, and how a venturimeter turns a pressure drop into a flow rate.
Subject
Hydraulics & Water Resources
Fluid mechanics, open channels, irrigation and dams.
The hydraulic jump: sequent depths and energy loss
How supercritical flow suddenly turns subcritical, how to find the depth after the jump, and why jumps are used to protect spillways.
Manning's equation for uniform flow in open channels
How slope, roughness and channel shape set the velocity in a canal or drain, with typical n values and a worked trapezoidal example.
Head loss in pipes: Reynolds number and Darcy–Weisbach
Laminar or turbulent, how to get the friction factor, and how to work out the head lost in a water main.
Specific energy, critical depth and the Froude number
Why one discharge can flow at two depths, what critical flow is, and how the Froude number separates subcritical from supercritical flow.